Nephrotic Syndrome

What is it?

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes the body to excrete too much protein in the urine. It occurs due to damage to the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys (glomeruli), which are responsible for filtering waste and excess water from the blood. This condition leads to swelling (edema), particularly in the legs and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems such as infections and blood clots.

Symptoms:

1. Edema (Swelling): Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, and sometimes around the eyes.

2. Foamy Urine: Due to the presence of excess protein.

3. Weight Gain: Resulting from fluid retention.

4. Fatigue: Due to the body losing essential proteins.

5. Loss of Appetite: Decreased desire to eat.

6. High Blood Pressure: Caused by the retention of fluids and altered kidney function.

Tests:

1. Urinalysis: To check for protein levels in the urine (proteinuria).

2. Blood Tests: To measure levels of albumin (a protein), cholesterol, and kidney function (creatinine and urea).

3. Kidney Biopsy: To determine the underlying cause of nephrotic syndrome by analyzing kidney tissue.

4. Imaging Tests: Such as ultrasound or CT scan to assess the structure of the kidneys.

Treatment:

1. Medications:

- Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation in the kidneys.

- Immunosuppressants: To manage autoimmune causes.

- Diuretics: To reduce swelling by removing excess fluid.

- ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: To control blood pressure and reduce protein loss in urine.

- Statins: To lower cholesterol levels.

2. Dietary Changes:

- Low-Sodium Diet: To reduce fluid retention.

- Low-Protein Diet: To ease the burden on the kidneys.

- Low-Cholesterol Diet: To manage high cholesterol.

3. Treating the Underlying Cause: If the syndrome is secondary to another condition like diabetes or lupus.

Side Effects:

1. From Medications:

- Corticosteroids: Weight gain, high blood sugar, bone loss, and increased risk of infection.

- Immunosuppressants: Increased risk of infections, liver toxicity.

- Diuretics: Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration.

- ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: Cough, high potassium levels, dizziness.

- Statins: Muscle pain, liver damage.

2. Fluid Retention: Persistent swelling if treatment isn't effective.

3. Increased Risk of Infections: Due to protein loss and medication side effects.

4. Blood Clots: Increased tendency for clotting due to low protein levels.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to manage symptoms and prevent complications.